erp系统的相关外国文献（ERP文献）

今天给各位分享erp系统的相关外国文献的知识，其中也会对ERP文献进行解释，如果能碰巧解决你现在面临的问题，别忘了关注本站，现在开始吧！

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本文目录一览：

• 1、erp论文参考文献
• 2、高分&追分！生产管理或ERP的英文文献，最好有中文翻译！
• 3、ERP 财务系统 文献综述
• 4、急需！信息管理ERP方面的英文文献
• 5、急求一篇关于ERP的外文文献以及翻译

erp论文参考文献

1.谢芬芬.基于ERP的成本管理在物流企业的应用分析.经营管理者

2.李景福.ERP在物流企业的地位及价值.中国市场,2007(28):58-59

3.任建强.ERP在物流中的应用.商业经济,2009(22):107-108

4.欧阳峥峥. ERP系统在企业物流管理中的应用研究

5.吴冰冰.浅谈ERP系统在中小型物流企业中的应用.电脑知识与技术,2008(22): 842，844

6.程娅.企业资源计划(ERP)及电子商务(EC)系统在物流企业中的运用.经济师, 2006(8):160-161

7.苏杭.曾盛绰.物流管理信息系统与制造业企业ERP.网络与信息,2009 (1):22～23

8.王川.物流信息系统与ERP. 中国物流与采购.2005(18): 66-67

高分&追分！生产管理或ERP的英文文献，最好有中文翻译！

我的有译文的！！！我会私下发给你，因为这是我的毕业论文，怕同学的和我重复。。。

我的是到图书馆借书之后文字识别的，相信翻译的没问题。

我第一次回答问题，一定要把分数给我啊！我也要加分！

The Adaptability for Production Change of Team

团队的生产变革适应能力

Ⅰ.Get lost in the fog of change——Paint a picture of what is happening

The manager of a team has an unique perspective . He or she has a wider view of the organization than team members have . The manager also is closer to information from higher levels in the organization . This extensive vantage point plays a critical role in changing times .

一、在变革的迷雾中丧失方向——把现状勾勒出来

团队的经理人拥有一个独特的视角。对于组织，他比其团队成员看得更广，也更易接团织组近来自组织更高层的信息。这个更宽广的视野在变革中扮演了很重要的角色。

ERP 财务系统 文献综述

一、ERP与业务流程管理（BPM）的内涵及其相互关系

以财务会计管理为核心的企业资源计划系统（Enterprise Resource Project即我们常称的ERP），是一个财务会计导向的全面企业集成系统，管理整个供需链上的各个实体的价值，实现对制造、财务、客户、分销和供应商的业务流程管理；是依托信息技术等手段，实现企业内部资源的共享和协同，克服企业中的官僚制约，使得各业务流程无缝平滑地衔接，从而提高管理的效率和业务的精确度，提高企业的盈利能力，降低交易成本。

业务流程管理BPM（Business Process Management）不是一个新概念，甚至不是一个新名词。它是从相关的业务流程变革领域，如业务流程改进（BPI）、业务流程重组（BPR）、业务流程革新中发展起来的。流程管理技术也是从早期的工作流管理、EAI、流程自动化、流程集成、流程建模、流程优化等技术中发展起来的。一般来说，它就是企业将现有的内部资源进行有效整合，优化企业的业务流程，有效监控企业战略目标的执行，从而确保企业的战略目标能够实现。它具有以下几个特点：首先，它实现了工作流程的自动化；其次，它实现了多个企业系统之间的无缝集成。

ERP 实施后，ERP 系统为企业流程管理提供了信息化管理平台，尤其具有柔性的ERP系统能够更好的支持流程管理。由于BPM 是伴随企业整个寿命周期的，ERP 系统运行后企业的流程不可能是一成不变的，必然随着企业的发展变化，企业的战略转变，流程也随之转变，从而必然需要流程管理支持这种转变。从另一个角度讲，ERP 系统失败的一个主要原因是不能适应企业的发展变化（战略转变、主营业务转变、流程转变等）。BPM 支持企业的战略转变，如果 ERP 系统能够很好地支持 BPM（支持流程的动态变化），那么也就支持了企业的发展变化，从而可以提高 ERP 系统的应用效率和成功率。所以在 ERP 系统运行后的 BPM 是必要的。另外，BPM主要是规模化企业发展过程中对管理进行改造的需求，而规模化企业在管理领域应用的IT技术主要是ERP系统。因此说BPM的实施离不开ERP系统的支持。

二、实施ERP系统后对企业财务管理和业务流程管理的影响

（一）实施ERP系统对企业财务管理的影响1. ERP扩大了财务管理的内容传统工业经济时代，经济增长主要依赖厂房、机器、资金等有形资产。而知识经济时代，企业资产中以知识为基础的专利权、商标权、计算机软件、人力资源、产品创新等无形资产所占比重将大大提高。无形资产将成为企业最重要的投资对象之一。然而，由于无形资产确认、计量的困难，传统核算型软件受到很大限制，进行财务决策时也很少考虑这些无形资产。 ERP系统除了财务系统外，还包括供应链管理、人力资源等系统，可以从各方面对这些无形资产进行分析、预测，丰富了财务管理的内容。

2. ERP系统突出了财务管理的整体性，获取信息的时效性和信息服务全面性ERP系统除了提供必须的财务报表外，还能提供多种管理性报表和查询功能，并提供易于使用的财务模型和分析模块，更全面地提供财务管理信息，为战略决策和业务操作等各层次的管理提供服务。ERP系统对大量规范业务的计量都可以在初始化中加以设置，自动生成相应的凭证，记录工作可由系统自动完成，计算和报告中的大部分工作也能通过系统设置而自动完成。另外，ERP系统的集成保证了会计信息的相关性、可靠性，保障了财务管理所需信息的质量。系统的实时性又保证了会计信息的及时性。

3. ERP系统使财务管理与生产管理有机结合，发挥计划与控制作用系统可以把企业的生产和财务管理集成在一起。在一个集成的环境下，当生产经营系统能够正常运行时，很容易驱动会计核算系统正常运行。因为，从根本上讲，生产人员与财务人员有着相同的基本处理逻辑，只不过前者用物料计量单位表示，后者用货币单位表示而已。 由于生产经营系统比以往任何时候都更为有效可信，所以，会计系统将会得到一套比以往任何时候都更为有效的数据作为工作的基础。有人说，由财务管理系统驱动生产管理系统非常困难，而由生产管理系统驱动财务管理系统则容易得多。这种说法是很有道理的。如果生产管理系统行之有效，财务人员完全可以利用它作为建立一个有效的财务系统的基础。在成功地运行ERP的企业中，财务管理人员都会感到他们的工作效率提高了，他们的计划控制能力提高了。其原因在于，生产系统和财务系统在同一环境下，就可以用相同的语言来谈论同一件事情， 这样他们之间的不协调状况就消失了，自然有助于效率和能力的提高，也就是说ERP作为整个企业的信息系统，使得企业整体合作的意识和作用加强了，通过准确、及时的信息传递，使大家的精力集中在同一方向上，以工作流程的观点和方式来运营和管理企业，而不是把企业当作一个个部门的组合。

4. 细化成本核算以加强成本管理ERP上线带给成本管理的第一个变革是建立了标准成本体系。目前，公司对所有物料收、发、存都采用标准成本核算，对产成品的直接材料消耗定义物料清单。成本核算对象进一步细化，按物料编码核算成本，通过子库存转移实现同一法人内部物资转移，成本费用控制高度集中。同时能适时监控采购物资的实际采购价格，及时了解公司各项大宗原材料等市场信息，促进采购成本降低，保证公司成本、利润核算更加真实、科学、准确。

5. ERP系统改变了企业资金管理模式作为公司的管理者，必须时时关心整个公司的资产流动性，防止发生公司整体的支付危机。在现实情况下，大型企业发生财务危机甚至倒闭，很多是由于资金的周转不灵。ERP资金管理的两个重要功能，即自动实时生成现金流量表和利用内部银行结构对企业的资金使用情况进行量化考核，可以使集团总部作为投资中心，进行资金的合理分配与运用。ERP资金管理模块中的资金预测功能加强了企业对中短期现金流量的预测，能及时预警，保证公司的顺利运作。

（二）实施ERP系统对业务流程管理的影响1. ERP 为企业 BPM 提供业务蓝图企业的BPM应该使企业的流程走向何方，它是由企业的战略决定的，战略是由市场和企业生存环境决定的。但是，因为传统管理模式的惯性作用，企业管理者很难突破原有思维的约束勾画流程的蓝图。即便是出色的管理者有着美好的流程优化、重组的想法，在具体实施的时候也会出现走样的情况。而融入先进管理思想的ERP系统能够为企业流程管理提供美好的蓝图，并且指引着BPM的方向。

2. ERP 是 BPM 的推动力ERP系统的成功实施确实能够提高企业的效率、降低成本、提高效益，这是勿庸置疑的。许多企业从局部的信息化、自动化，到整个企业的信息集成，一步一步地随着IT技术的发展，应用IT技术逐步走向集成化。在IT的过程中必然涉及流程的优化、重组，而ERP系统更要求企业的流程打破原有的秩序，以适应ERP系统实施应用的需要。

3. ERP 为 BPM 提供有力的支持BPM可以理顺企业的业务过程从而提高企业的效益。然而如果在实施BPM的过程中没有IT技术的支持，BPM的实施会变得非常困难，甚至会影响实施的成功。例如在很多情况下，一个企业里面可能有许多相同的数据会以不同的格式存在，并分别存储起来，这往往会发生错误和浪费时间。可以想象如果没有IT技术的支持，要消除这种情况，在数据产生的源头一次获得数据并将数据在企业内流传共享是不可能做到的。而信息共享技术也可以将串行的业务处理过程变为并行业务处理过程。BPM要求在工作点进行决策，员工要对执行的结果负责，这要求员工在接受培训掌握新技能的同时，要确保能够得到控制工作所需的信息，而这也需要IT技术的支持。另一方面，BPM侧重管理思想，而ERP则侧重于技术手段。从BPM实施的目标来看，BPM也是离不开IT技术支持的。这是因为，BPM从管理上理顺了企业的业务流程，使企业的经营过程科学化、合理化。如果没有IT技术的支持，业务过程虽然合理了，但员工个人的工作效率不能提高，从而将企业的“瓶颈”从业务过程上转嫁到员工的工作效率，而要消除这种情况，要么增加工作时间，要么增加员工人数，显然这又增加企业的生产成本。这与BPM的目标是相矛盾的。

三、ERP系统在企业财务管理和业务流程管理中的应用

（一）ERP系统在财务管理中的应用1. ERP中的ABC成本法针对传统成本会计不适应新制造环境的局面，作业成本法（Activity-Based Costing，简称ABC）和基于ABC的作业成本管理（ABCM），在美、日和西欧诸国的企业尤其是竞争激烈和人工成本很低的高新技术企业，得到了广泛的应用。

ABC成本法是以作业（Activity）为核心，确认和计量耗用企业资源的所有作业，将耗用的资源成本准确地记入作业，然后选择成本动因，把所有的作业成本分配给作业成本对象的一种成本计算方法。

ABC成本法是会计界首先提出来的。应当说它的理论本身并不复杂，但是由于企业的内部流程是千变万化的，成本动因也无法标准化，因此理论的实践变得比理论本身复杂多了。随着企业IT技术的运用，ERP为越来越多的企业采用，ERP的集成性使得ABC成本法完全融入整个系统，成本动因数据可以自动从ERP中其他模块中获得，比如销售、采购、生产、人力、财务等，使得ABC成本法能在企业中得到很好的应用。

2. ERP系统在财务管理中的应用财务管理的功能主要是基于会计核算的数据并加以分析，从而进行相应的预测、管理和控制活动。它侧重于财务计划、控制、分析和预测，强调事前计划、事中控制和事后反馈。然而，ERP系统中的财务管理模块已经完成了从事后财会信息的反映，到财务管理信息处理，再到多层次、一体化的财务管理支持。这种转变体现在，它吸收并内嵌了先进企业的财务管理实践，改善了企业会计核算和财务管理的业务流程。它在支持企业的全球化经营上，为分布在世界各地的分支机构提供一个统一的会计核算和财务管理平台，同时也能支持各国当地的财务法规和报表要求。如：提供多币种会计处理能力，支持各币种间的转换；支持多国会计实体的财务报表合并等；支持基于Web的财务信息处理。为支持企业发展电子商务和基于Internet的应用系统（如销售订单处理等），部分财务信息还可以通过Web方式收集和发布。总之，这一切，倘若在非ERP的环境下，即使依靠“人海战术”来完成，其效益也是有限的。

（二）BPM与ERP系统的应用企业的业务流程随着企业的发展不断地变化，ERP系统不能与企业的流程管理分离，但ERP对企业业务流程缺乏有效的控制和管理。BPM优化了企业的流程，并使ERP向基于流程的方向演进，它是企业成功实施ERP的基础。BPM与ERP系统在实际应用中的关系如下。

1. 利用BPM优化企业流程流程管理是企业管理的基础。企业通过BPM系统首先应把企业的关键流程导入系统，由系统定义流程的规则。再以数据、图形、报表等形式给出哪些流程合理，哪些流程需要调整，随着企业流程的不断执行和优化，形成企业自己的特点，给企业的领导者提供决策的依据。

2. BPM让ERP向基于流程的方向演进企业在没有采用IT手段之前，所有的业务流程是通过手工方式运作的，是一对一的管理方式。而引入了IT手段之后，业务流程通过信息技术手段实现，采用一对多的运作方式，信息可以同时传递给多个部门。为此，企业如果应用ERP，首先必须与企业的流程管理现状相适应，必须有利于企业业务流程管理的提高。如 企业应用信息技术整合企业时，首先应当根据企业的业务流程及企业长远的发展规划，结合目前企业的现状，利用BPM为企业设计出业务流程的改进与重组方案，对企业的业务流程进行梳理和优化，找出缺少的流程，把不规范的流程规范化，最终提出合理的业务流程，确定企业的战略目标。然后再利用ERP将手工信息流程转变为信息技术流程，从而直接实现企业效率和管理水平的提高。

急需！信息管理ERP方面的英文文献

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is an enterprise-wide information system designed to coordinate all the resources, information, and activities needed to complete business processes such as order fulfillment or billing

An ERP system supports most of the business system that maintains in a single database the data needed for a variety of business functions such as Manufacturing, Supply Chain Management, Financials, Projects, Human Resources and Customer Relationship Management.

An ERP system is based on a common database and a modular software design. The common database can allow every department of a business to store and retrieve information in real-time. The information should be reliable, accessible, and easily shared. The modular software design should mean a business can select the modules they need, mix and match modules from different vendors, and add new modules of their own to improve business performance.

Ideally, the data for the various business functions are integrated. In practice the ERP system may comprise a set of discrete applications, each maintaining a discrete data store within one physical database.

Overview of ERP Solutions

Some organizations — typically those with sufficient in-house IT skills to integrate multiple software products — choose to implement only portions of an ERP system and develop an external interface to other ERP or stand-alone systems for their other application needs. For example, one may choose to use human resource management system from one vendor, and the financial systems from another, and perform the integration between the systems themselves.

This is very common in the retail sector[citation needed], where even a mid-sized retailer will have a discrete Point-of-Sale (POS) product and financials application, then a series of specialized applications to handle business requirements such as warehouse management, staff rostering, merchandising and logistics.

Ideally, ERP delivers a single database that contains all data for the software modules, which would include:

Manufacturing

Engineering, Bills of Material, Scheduling, Capacity, Workflow Management, Quality Control, Cost Management, Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Projects, Manufacturing Flow

Supply Chain Management

Order to cash, Inventory, Order Entry, Purchasing, Product Configurator, Supply Chain Planning, Supplier Scheduling, Inspection of goods, Claim Processing, Commission Calculation

Financials

General Ledger, Cash Management, Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, Fixed Assets

Projects

Costing, Billing, Time and Expense, Activity Management

Human Resources

Human Resources, Payroll, Training, Time Attendance, Rostering, Benefits

Customer Relationship Management

Sales and Marketing, Commissions, Service, Customer Contact and Call Center support

Data Warehouse

and various Self-Service interfaces for Customers, Suppliers, and Employees

Enterprise Resource Planning is a term originally derived from manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) that followed material requirements planning (MRP).[3] MRP evolved into ERP when "routings" became a major part of the software architecture and a company's capacity planning activity also became a part of the standard software activity.[citation needed] ERP systems typically handle the manufacturing, logistics, distribution, inventory, shipping, invoicing, and accounting for a company. Enterprise Resource Planning or ERP software can aid in the control of many business activities, like sales, marketing, delivery, billing, production, inventory management, quality management, and human resource management.

ERP systems saw a large boost in sales in the 1990s as companies faced the Y2K problem in their legacy systems. Many companies took this opportunity to replace their legacy information systems with ERP systems. This rapid growth in sales was followed by a slump in 1999, at which time most companies had already implemented their Y2K solution.[4]

ERPs are often incorrectly called back office systems indicating that customers and the general public are not directly involved. This is contrasted with front office systems like customer relationship management (CRM) systems that deal directly with the customers, or the eBusiness systems such as eCommerce, eGovernment, eTelecom, and eFinance, or supplier relationship management (SRM) systems.

ERPs are cross-functional and enterprise wide. All functional departments that are involved in operations or production are integrated in one system. In addition to manufacturing, warehousing, logistics, and information technology, this would include accounting, human resources, marketing, and strategic management.

ERP II means open ERP architecture of components. The older, monolithic ERP systems became component oriented.[citation needed]

EAS — Enterprise Application Suite is a new name for formerly developed ERP systems which include (almost) all segments of business, using ordinary Internet browsers as thin clients.[citation needed]

[edit] Before

Prior to the concept of ERP systems, it was not unusual for each department within an organization to have its own customized computer system. For example, the human resources (HR) department, the payroll department, and the financial department might all have their own computer systems.

Typical difficulties involved integration of data from potentially different computer manufacturers and systems. For example, the HR computer system (often called HRMS or HRIS) would typically manage employee information while the payroll department would typically calculate and store paycheck information for each employee, and the financial department would typically store financial transactions for the organization. Each system would have to integrate using a predefined set of common data which would be transferred between each computer system. Any deviation from the data format or the integration schedule often resulted in problems.

[edit] After

ERP software, among other things, combined the data of formerly separate applications. This simplified keeping data in synchronization across the enterprise, it simplified the computer infrastructure within a large organization, and it standardized and reduced the number of software specialties required within larger organizations.

Best practices

Best practices were also a benefit of implementing an ERP system. When implementing an ERP system, organizations essentially had to choose between customizing the software or modifying their business processes to the "best practice" function delivered in the vanilla version of the software.

Typically, the delivery of best practice applies more usefully to large organizations and especially where there is a compliance requirement such as IFRS, Sarbanes-Oxley or Basel II, or where the process is a commodity such as electronic funds transfer. This is because the procedure of capturing and reporting legislative or commodity content can be readily codified within the ERP software, and then replicated with confidence across multiple businesses who have the same business requirement.

Where such a compliance or commodity requirement does not underpin the business process, it can be argued that determining and applying a best practice actually erodes competitive advantage by homogenizing the business as compared to everyone else in the industry sector.

[edit] Implementation

Because of their wide scope of application within a business, ERP software systems are typically complex and usually impose significant changes on staff work practices.[citation needed] Implementing ERP software is typically not an "in-house" skill, so even smaller projects are more cost effective if specialist ERP implementation consultants are employed.[citation needed] The length of time to implement an ERP system depends on the size of the business, the scope of the change and willingness of the customer to take ownership for the project.[citation needed] A small project (e.g., a company of less than 100 staff) may be planned and delivered within 3-9 months; however, a large, multi-site or multi-country implementation may take years.[citation needed]

To implement ERP systems, companies often seek the help of an ERP vendor or of third-party consulting companies. These firms typically provide three areas of professional services: consulting, customization and support. The client organisation may also employ independent program management, business analysis, change management and UAT specialists to ensure their business requirements remain a priority during implementation.

Data migration is one of the most important activities in determining the success of an ERP implementation. Since many decisions must be made before migration, a significant amount of planning must occur. Unfortunately, data migration is the last activity before the production phase of an ERP implementation, and therefore receives minimal attention due to time constraints. The following are steps of a data migration strategy that can help with the success of an ERP implementation: [5]

Identifying the data to be migrated

Determining the timing of data migration

Generating the data templates

Freezing the tools for data migration

Deciding on migration related setups

Deciding on data archiving

[edit] Process preparation

ERP vendors have designed their systems around standard business processes, based upon best business practices. Different vendor(s) have different types of processes but they are all of a standard, modular nature. Firms that want to implement ERP systems are consequently forced to adapt their organizations to standardized processes as opposed to adapting the ERP package to the existing processes.[6] Neglecting to map current business processes prior to starting ERP implementation is a main reason for failure of ERP projects.[7] It is therefore crucial that organizations perform a thorough business process analysis before selecting an ERP vendor and setting off on the implementation track. This analysis should map out all present operational processes, enabling selection of an ERP vendor whose standard modules are most closely aligned with the established organization. Redesign can then be implemented to achieve further process congruence. Research indicates that the risk of business process mismatch is decreased by:

linking each current organizational process to the organization's strategy;

analyzing the effectiveness of each process in light of its current related business capability;

understanding the automated solutions currently implemented.[8] [9]

ERP implementation is considerably more difficult (and politically charged) in organisations structured into nearly independent business units, each responsible for their own profit and loss, because they will each have different processes, business rules, data semantics, authorization hierarchies and decision centers.[10] Solutions include requirements coordination negotiated by local change management professionals or, if this is not possible, federated implementation using loosely integrated instances (e.g. linked via Master Data Management) specifically configured and/or customized to meet local needs.

A disadvantage usually attributed to ERP is that business process redesign to fit the standardized ERP modules can lead to a loss of competitive advantage. While documented cases exist where this has indeed materialized, other cases show that following thorough process preparation ERP systems can actually increase sustainable competitive advantage.[11][12]

[edit] Configuration

Configuring an ERP system is largely a matter of balancing the way you want the system to work with the way the system lets you work. Begin by deciding which modules to install, then adjust the system using configuration tables to achieve the best possible fit in working with your company’s processes.

Modules - Most systems are modular simply for the flexibility of implementing some functions but not others. Some common modules, such as finance and accounting are adopted by nearly all companies implementing enterprise systems; others however such as human resource management are not needed by some companies and therefore not adopted. A service company for example will not likely need a module for manufacturing. Other times companies will not adopt a module because they already have their own proprietary system they believe to be superior. Generally speaking the greater number of modules selected, the greater the integration benefits, but also the increase in costs, risks and changes involved.

Configuration Tables – A configuration table enables a company to tailor a particular aspect of the system to the way it chooses to do business. For example, an organization can select the type of inventory accounting – FIFO or LIFO – it will employ or whether it wants to recognize revenue by geographical unit, product line, or distribution channel.

So what happens when the options the system allows just aren’t good enough? At this point a company has two choices, both of which are not ideal. It can re-write some of the enterprise system’s code, or it can continue to use an existing system and build interfaces between it and the new enterprise system. Both options will add time and cost to the implementation process. Additionally they can dilute the system’s integration benefits. The more customized the system becomes the less possible seamless communication becomes between suppliers and customers.

[edit] Consulting Services

Many organizations did not have sufficient internal skills to implement an ERP project. This resulted in many organizations offering consulting services for ERP implementation. Typically, a consulting team was responsible for the entire ERP implementation including planning, training, testing, implementation, and delivery of any customized modules. Examples of customization includes additional product training; creation of process triggers and workflow; specialist advice to improve how the ERP is used in the business; system optimization; and assistance writing reports, complex data extracts or implementing Business Intelligence.

For most mid-sized companies, the cost of the implementation will range from around the list price of the ERP user licenses to up to twice this amount (depending on the level of customization required). Large companies, and especially those with multiple sites or countries, will often spend considerably more on the implementation than the cost of the user licenses -- three to five times more is not uncommon for a multi-site implementation.[citation needed]

[edit] Customization Services

Customization Services involves any modifications or extensions that change how the out-of-the-box ERP system works.

Customizing an ERP package can be very expensive and complicated. Some ERP packages are not designed to support customization, so most businesses implement the best practices embedded in the acquired ERP system. Some ERP packages have very generic features, such that customization occurs in most implementations. It is also often possible to extend the standard ERP package by purchasing third party software to provide additional functionality.

Customization work is usually undertaken as bespoke software development on a time and materials basis.

Customization can be further classified into: Core system customization or custom extensions in custom libraries

Core system customization is where customers change the software vendors’ proprietary code. This means that the software will no longer be supported by the vendor for the particular function that was customized as the code would be modified to the customers need. The customers IT department will then normally support the code in-house or subcontract a consulting organization to do so.

Custom extensions are where a customer build bolt on custom applications that run parallel to the standard system i.e. custom extended applications. Modules that are extended but core code not changed remain supported but the extensions will have to be supported by the customers IT department or subcontracted consulting organization

[edit] Maintenance and Support Services

Maintenance and Support Services involves monitoring and managing an Operational ERP system. This function is often provided in-house using members of the IT department, but may also be provided by specialist external consulting and services companies.

[edit] Advantages

In the absence of an ERP system, a large manufacturer may find itself with many software applications that do not talk to each other and do not effectively interface. Tasks that need to interface with one another may involve:

Integration among different functional areas ensures proper Communication, Productivity, Efficiency

design engineering (how to best make the product)

order tracking from acceptance through fulfillment

the revenue cycle from invoice through cash receipt

managing inter-dependencies of complex Bill of materials

tracking the 3-way match between Purchase orders (what was ordered), Inventory receipts (what arrived), and Costing (what the vendor invoiced)

the Accounting for all of these tasks, tracking the Revenue, Cost and Profit on a granular level.Change how a product is made, in the engineering details, and that is how it will now be made. Effective dates can be used to control when the switch over will occur from an old version to the next one, both the date that some ingredients go into effect, and date that some are discontinued. Part of the change can include labeling to identify version numbers.

Some security features are included within an ERP system to protect against both outsider crime, such as industrial espionage, and insider crime, such as embezzlement. A data tampering scenario might involve a disgruntled employee intentionally modifying prices to below the breakeven point in order to attempt to take down the company, or other sabotage. ERP systems typically provide functionality for implementing internal controls to prevent actions of this kind. ERP vendors are also moving toward better integration with other kinds of information security tools.[13]

[edit] Disadvantages

Problems with ERP systems are mainly due to inadequate investment in ongoing training for involved personnel, including those implementing and testing changes, as well as a lack of corporate policy protecting the integrity of the data in the ERP systems and how it is used.

Disadvantages

Customization of the ERP software is limited.

Re-engineering of business processes to fit the "industry standard" prescribed by the ERP system may lead to a loss of competitive advantage.

ERP systems can be very expensive leading to a new category of "ERP light" solutions

ERPs are often seen as too rigid and too difficult to adapt to the specific workflow and business process of some companies—this is cited as one of the main causes of their failure.

Many of the integrated links need high accuracy in other applications to work effectively. A company can achieve minimum standards, then over time "dirty data" will reduce the reliability of some applications.

Once a system is established, switching costs are very high for any one of the partners (reducing flexibility and strategic control at the corporate level).

The blurring of company boundaries can cause problems in accountability, lines of responsibility, and employee morale.

Resistance in sharing sensitive internal information between departments can reduce the effectiveness of the software.

急求一篇关于ERP的外文文献以及翻译

What is ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning?

ERP is an industry acronym for Enterprise Resource Planning. Broadly speaking, ERP refers to automation and integration of a company's core business to help them focus on effectiveness simplified success.

SYSPRO defines the meaning of ERP

As one of the longest standing ERP vendors, we often get asked by prospects (and potential employees) to define ERP. The Information Technology industry is renowned for its adoption of acronyms, which are often widely used, but not fully understood. The term 'ERP' itself is not self-explanatory and refers to the business software that has been designed to record and manage your enterprise data.

An ERP System automates and integrates core business processes such as taking customer orders, scheduling operations, and keeping inventory records and financial data. ERP systems can drive huge improvements in the effectiveness of any organisation by:

assisting you in defining your business processes and ensuring they are complied with throughout the supply chain;

protecting your critical business data through well-defined roles and security access

enabling you to plan your work load based on existing orders and forecasts

providing you with the tools to give a high level of service to your customers

translating your data into decision making information

Read more about SYSPRO Resource Planning Software

Benefits of ERP for your Business

Integration across all business processes - To realize the full benefits of an ERP system it should be fully integrated into all aspects of your business from the customer facing front end, through planning and scheduling, to the production and distribution of the products you make.

Automation enhances productivity - By automating aspects of business processes, ERP makes them more efficient, less prone to error, and faster. It also frees up people from mundane tasks such as balancing data.

Increase overall performance - By integrating disparate business processes, ERP ensures coherence and avoids duplication, discontinuity, and people working at cross purposes, in different parts of the organisation. The cumulative positive effect when business processes integrate well is overall superior performance by the organisation.

Quality Reports and Performance Analysis - Analysis on ERP will enable you to produce financial and boardroom quality reports, as well as to conduct analysis on the performance of your organisation.

Integrates across the entire supply chain - A best of breed ERP system should extend beyond your organisation and integrate with both your supplier and customer systems to ensure full visibility and efficiency across your supply chain.

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